II. Snow hydrology processes and remote sensing     

Albert Rango 《水文研究》1993,7(2):121-138

In the last 20 years remote sensing research has led to significant progress in monitoring and measuring certain snow hydrology processes. Snow distribution in a drainage basin can be adequately assessed by visible sensors. Although there are still some interpretation problems, the NOAA-AVHRR sensor can provide frequent views of the areal snow cover in a basin, and snow cover maps are produced operationally by the National Weather Service on about 3000 drainage basins in North America. Measurement of snow accumulation or snow water equivalent with microwave remote sensing has great potential because of the capabilities for depth penetration, all-weather observation and night-time viewing. Several critical areas of research remain, namely, the acquisition of snow grain size information for input to microwave models and improvement in passive microwave resolution from space. Methods that combine both airborne gamma ray and visible satellite remote sensing of the snowpack with field measurements also hold promise for determining areal snow water equivalent. Some remote sensing techniques can also be used to detect different stages of snow metamorphism. Various aspects of snowpack ripening can be detected using microwave and thermal infra-red capabilities. The capabilities for measurement of snow albedo and surface temperature have direct application in both snow metamorphism and snowpack energy balance studies. The potentially most profitable research area here is the study of the bidirectional reflectance distribution function to improve snow albedo measurements. Most of the remote sensing capabilities in snow hydrology have been developed for improving snowmelt-run-off forecasting. Most applications have used the input of snow cover extent to deterministic models, both of the degree day and energy balance types. Snowmelt-run-off forecasts using satellite derived snow cover depletion curves and the models have been successfully made. As the extraction of additional snow cover characteristics becomes possible, remote sensing will have an even greater impact on snow hydrology. Important remote sensing capabilities will become available in the next 20 years through space platform observing systems that will improve our capability to observe the snowpack on an operational basis.  相似文献   

Regional coal seam gas distribution and burial history of the Hunter Coalfield,Sydney Basin     

K. L. Pinetown 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2014,61(3):409-426

Basin modelling has been used to improve understanding of the origin and temporal evolution of coal seam gas in the Hunter Coalfield of the Sydney Basin. Burial history models were produced based on data from seven boreholes located in the southern, eastern, central and western areas of the coalfield. Mean random vitrinite reflectance (R_v,r) data, derived from measurements of mean maximum reflectance (R_v,max), were used for calibration of the models. A qualitative sensitivity analysis of one model shows that varying the paleoheat flow has a greater influence on calculated R_v,r than varying the eroded overburden thickness.

The differences between the constructed models are significant enough to provide plausible explanations for regional gas distribution in the Hunter Coalfield. Coals in the south of the coalfield appear to have the greatest potential for thermogenic gas generation. Modelling has shown that areas that have low gas contents and decreased permeability have been uplifted more, and buried less, compared with areas that have high gas contents. Burial history modelling shows noticeable variations in the extent of burial and uplift, and, consequently, in thermal maturities and potential for thermogenic gas generation; together with the assessment of other coal and gas property data, it appears that present-day gas contents may partially reflect coal ranks and adsorption capacities, with late-stage biogenic gas generation replenishing CH₄ volumes that were lost following uplift during the Late Cretaceous.  相似文献   

鄂尔多斯盆地安塞地区长6段低孔渗储层动态评价          下载免费PDF全文

刘静静  刘震  潘高峰  黄艳辉 《地质科学》2014,(1):131-146

油气充注后,由于机械压实、胶结交代作用导致储层物性变差,因此,低孔渗储层现今的储层特征并不能反映成藏期的储层特征。而常规储层评价主要以现今静态评价为主,并未考虑到成藏后储层的演化过程及成藏条件,因此不能很好地解释储层的含油气性。鉴于此,本文提出了适用于油气勘探阶段的低孔渗储层动态评价的新思路,在成藏期储层物性恢复的基础上,将储层临界物性作为划分油气充注有效储层和无效储层的界限,把储层划分为有效储层与无效储层：无效储层无论大多的充注动力,油气也不能充注,有效储层的含油气性还受控于充注动力。临界成藏解释图版定量地反映了储层物性与临界注入压力之间的耦合关系。根据成藏动力学平衡原理,本文利用临界成藏解释图版很好地解释了安塞地区长6段储层的含油性。该储层动态评价方法对指导致密油储层勘探具有重要意义。  相似文献   

祁连山黑河上游不同退化草地土壤理化性质及养分和酶活性的变化规律   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

秦嘉海  张勇  赵芸晨  王治江  李彩霞  高海宁 《冰川冻土》2014,36(2):335-346

为了揭示草地退化过程中土壤理化性质及养分和酶的变化规律,在祁连山黑河上游俄博岭研究了4种草地土壤理化性质及养分和酶活性的变化规律.结果表明:未退化草地与退化草地、中度退化草地和重度退化草地比较,0~60 cm土层有机碳、有机碳密度、有机碳储量随退化程度加剧呈显著减少趋势;土壤理化特性的总孔隙度、团聚体、物理性粘粒、饱和蓄水量、田间持水量随土壤退化加剧呈减少趋势,同时CEC、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、脲酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶、多酚氧化酶、过氧化氢酶等养分和酶活性也随土壤退化加剧呈明显减少变化.随着土壤退化加剧,容重、物理性砂粒、石砾、pH值以及CaCO3含量均有明显的增长.4种草地0~60 cm土层孔隙度、团聚体、物理性粘粒、饱和蓄水量、田间持水量、土壤有机碳、速效氮磷钾和酶活性均值由大到小的变化顺序为:未退化草地轻度退化草地中度退化草地重度退化草地;容重、物理性砂粒、石砾、pH、CaCO3均值由小到大的变化顺序为:未退化草地轻度退化草地中度退化草地重度退化草地.不同层次孔隙度、团聚体、物理性粘粒、饱和蓄水量、田间持水量、土壤有机碳、速效氮磷钾和酶活性均值随着土层垂直深度的增加而递减,而容重、物理性砂粒、石砾、pH、CaCO3均值随着土层垂直深度的增加而递增.  相似文献   

东营凹陷民丰地区沙三段中下亚段物源体系及其控储作用   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0       下载免费PDF全文

刘杰  操应长樊太亮  刘惠民 《中国地质》2014,41(4):1399-1410

民丰地区是东营凹陷油气勘探中的重要部分,其中物源体系分析对沉积体系研究及储层评价工作的开展具有重要意义。古地貌控制了沉积体系展布的基本格局,陈南断层下降盘、民丰洼陷腹部以及辛镇地区为砂体沉积提供了所需的可容纳空间。特征元素分析以及砂分散体系研究表明,沙三段中下亚段沉积时期,民丰地区发育了三大物源体系,沉积原始组分的供给主要来自北部陈家庄凸起、东部青坨子凸起以及南部盆外水系的注入。在该时期,辛镇地区F1、F2主断裂形成的构造调节带可作为南北向物源输送通道,东部物源体系控制下的沉积体系南端与南部盆外水系的北部分支于辛镇地区发生交汇。由于沉积原始组分是储层发育的基础,因此,不同物源体系控制下的沉积原始组分造成了储层储集空间及物性特征的差异性。混源区与东部物源控制下的储集体为三角洲前缘相带,弱压实,粒间原生孔发育,孔、渗性良好,优于南部以及北部物源体系控制下的储层物性,但南部储层含油性高于东部,混源区储层含油性最好。  相似文献   

安徽池州马头铜钼矿地质特征及蚀变分带     

肖娥  马春  顾连兴 《江苏地质》2014,38(2):187-199

安徽池州马头铜钼矿是长江中下游成矿带中安庆—贵池矿集区内一个典型的铜钼矿床。通过野外地质祥查和系统的岩相学、矿相学工作,对该矿床的蚀变特征及分带进行了深入研究。识别出马头铜钼矿的蚀变类型主要有硅化、绢云母化、钾长石化,其次为黏土化、绿泥石化和碳酸盐化等。矿区围岩蚀变在空间上往往重叠,但具有一定的水平及垂向分带特征,自岩体深部至浅部、自内向外总体表现为面型石英钾长石化带、线型石英钾长石化带和石英绢云母化带。矿（化）体以脉状矿化为主,其中分布较广的石英脉带矿化主要产在石英绢云母化带中,以石英细（网）脉为主,受节理和裂隙控制;而品位较富的细脉浸染状矿化则主要产在面型钾长石化带中。通过研究认为,马头铜钼矿在成矿过程的早期阶段,由于高温、富钾和高pH值的热液流体作用,形成大面积的钾长石化,伴生与面型钾长石化有关的细脉、浸染状矿化;热液演化中期阶段,随着温度持续下降、K＋活度和流体pH值的降低,形成硅化、绢云母化等蚀变类型,并伴随范围较大的细脉-网脉状矿化;热液演化晚期阶段,主要形成碳酸盐化,而相应的矿化作用不显著。通过与部分典型斑岩型铜钼矿床的对比研究认为,马头铜钼矿在蚀变类型等方面与斑岩型铜钼矿大体相同,可归至斑岩型成矿体系。  相似文献   

Research on influence factors of rock-soil thermal properties by laboratory test     

YIN Renchao  ZHANG Yanjun  WU Fan  GAO Ping  MEI Zhenzhou 《东北亚地学研究》2014,(1):34-37

In order to discover the relation between rock-soil thermal properties and strata during the process of engineering investigation, the authors studied the measuring principle of Thermal Conductivity Scanner （TCS） and measured the thermal properties of 45 drilling samples from Qinghai with TCS in the laboratory. The results show that the specific heat capacity （SHC） decreases while the thermal conductivity （TC） increases with the increase of the depth. With the lithological change, the specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity have the opposite trend. The depth and lithology have a greater influence on the thermal conductivity than the specific heat capacity.  相似文献   

制备工艺对低温烧结Ni-Cu-Zn铁氧体/BaTiO_3复合材料性能的影响     

凌味未  许诚昕  马文英  聂海  陈祝 《成都信息工程学院学报》2014,(2):117-120

采用2种复合工艺流程在900°C和950°C制备了适用于低温共烧陶瓷(LTCC)工艺的Ni-Cu-Zn铁氧体/BaTiO3复合材料。对比研究了不同工艺流程下,烧结温度及助剂用量变化对复合体系烧结性能和电磁性能的影响。900°C烧结时,在铁氧体预烧前添加BaTiO3(工艺流程Ⅱ)制备的复合材料比在铁氧体预烧后添加BaTiO3(工艺流程Ⅰ)制备的复合材料有更高的烧结密度(5.40g/cm3)和Snoek乘积(5.56GHz);950°C烧结时,工艺流程Ⅱ制备的复合材料的介电性能优于工艺流程Ⅰ制备的。  相似文献   

黄土高原多沙区环境因子对土地利用变化空间异质性的影响(英文)     

罗娅  杨胜天  赵长森  刘晓燕  刘昌明  吴琳娜  赵海根  张亦弛 《地理学报(英文版)》2014,(5)

In areas with topographic heterogeneity, land use change is spatially variable and influenced by climate, soil properties, and topography. To better understand this variability in the high-sediment region of the Loess Plateau in which soil loss is most severe and sediment diameter is larger than in other regions of the plateau, this study builds some indicators to identify the characteristics of land use change and then analyze the spatial variability as it is affected by climate, soil property, and topography. We build two indicators, a land use change intensity index and a vegetation change index, to characterize the intensity of land use change, and the degree of vegetation restoration, respectively. Based on a subsection mean method, the two indicators are then used to assess the spatial variability of land use change affected by climatic, edaphic, and topographic elements. The results indicate that: 1) Land use changed significantly in the period 1998–2010. The total area experiencing land use change was 42,302 km2, accounting for 22.57%of the study area. High-coverage grassland, other woodland, and forest increased significantly, while low-coverage grassland and farmland decreased in 2010 compared with 1998. 2) Land use change occurred primarily west of the Yellow River, between 35 and 38 degrees north latitude. The four transformation types, including(a) low-coverage grassland to medium-coverage grassland,(b) medium-coverage grassland to high-coverage grassland,(c) farmland to other woodland, and(d) farmland to medium-coverage grassland, were the primary types of land use change, together constituting 60% of the area experiencing land use change. 3) The spatial variability of land use change was significantly affected by properties of dryness/wetness, soil conditions and slope gradient. In general, land use changed dramatically in semi-arid regions, remained relativelystable in arid regions, changed significantly in clay-rich soil, remained relatively stable in clay-poor soil, changed dramatically in steeper slopes, and remained relatively stable in tablelands and low-lying regions. The increase in vegetation coincided with increasing changes in land use for each physical element. These findings allow for an evaluation of the effect of the Grain to Green Program, and are applicable to the design of soil and water conservation projects on the Loess Plateau of China.  相似文献   

Characterization of the solar light field within the ocean mesopelagic zone based on radiative transfer simulations     

《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2014

The solar light field within the ocean from the sea surface to the bottom of the mesopelagic zone was simulated with a radiative transfer model that accounts for the presence of inelastic radiative processes associated with Raman scattering by water molecules, fluorescence of colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), and fluorescence of chlorophyll-a contained in phytoplankton. The simulation results provide a comprehensive characterization of the ambient light field and apparent optical properties (AOPs) across the entire visible spectral range within the depth range 200–1000 m of the entire mesopelagic zone for varying chlorophyll-a concentration and seawater optical properties in the mixed surface layer of the ocean. With increasing depth in the mesopelagic zone, the solar irradiance is reduced by ~9–10 orders of magnitude and exhibits a major spectral maximum in the blue, typically centered around a light wavelength of 475 nm. In the green and red spectral regions, the light levels are significantly lower but still important owing to local generation of photons via inelastic processes, mostly Raman scattering and to a lesser extent CDOM fluorescence. The Raman scattering produces a distinct secondary maximum in irradiance spectra centered around 565 nm. Comparisons of our results with light produced by the radioactive decay of the unstable potassium isotope contained in sea salt (⁴⁰K) indicates that the solar irradiance dominates over the ⁴⁰K-produced irradiance within the majority of the mesopelagic zone for most scenarios considered in our simulations. The angular distribution of radiance indicates the dominance of downward propagation of light in the blue and approach to uniform distribution in the red throughout the mesopelagic zone. Below the approximate depth range 400–500 m, the shape of the angular distribution is nearly invariant with increasing depth in the green and red and varies weakly in the blue. The AOPs at any light wavelength also assume nearly constant values within the deeper portion of the mesopelagic zone. These results indicate that the mesopelagic light field reaches a nearly-asymptotic regime at depths exceeding ~400–500 m.  相似文献